Private Parking Tickets (on Private Land)
Private parking companies CANNOT fine you.
They make then look like a local authority regulation 10 Penalty Charge Notice (PCN), but called a Parking Charge Notice
The parking company under Regulation 27 (1)(e) of the Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) Regulations 2002, can get the name and address of a registered keeper from the DVLA and sends a demand.
Paragraph 9(2)(f) of Schedule 4 of the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 only requires the registered keeper to tell the driver and give the notice to him.
Unlike a local authority PCN, there is no statutory power enabling parking companies to force the registered keeper to give the name and address of the driver. The law gives the parking company a power to invite the registered keeper to give the name and address of the driver. Regulation 9(2)(e) of Schedule 4 of the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012.
If the driver does not pay, the registered keeper will receive a volley of letters, threatograms , each one more aggressive than the previous. They might come to nothing, they MAY take you to court and you will receive a Defendant's Response Pack.
The burden of proof lies with the parking company.
Make them prove their claim, if they cannot, the claim dies.
When a parking company starts legal proceedings, they will always be liable for their solicitor's fees regardless of the outcome of the claim. That is the risk the parking company takes when starting legal action.
That makes a defended claim is commercially uneconomical for parking companies.
Parking companies rely on undefended claims and getting default judgments
If that happens, you cannot apply to set the judgment aside because you do not have a reasonable defence.
The judgment of ParkingEye Limited v Beavis [2015] UKSC 67 ruled a parking fine is neither extravagant nor unconscionable .
Appeals
This is not a statutory process, but a commercial contract between two companies. The parking company and The Ombudsman Service Ltd trading as POPLA (Parking on Private Land Appeals) . The latter stand as arbiter in parking charge disputes.
Clamping
Clamping of motor vehicles on private land is a criminal offence section 54 of Chapter 2 of the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012.